Your example may or may not be a hate crime.Did the white guy punch the black person to steal his wallet or did he punch him because he wanted to punch a black person and the wallet was an afterthought? If a robber kills someone during or after a robbery because they saw the robbers face and could identify the robber to police or the victim didn't cooperate in the robbery by fighting back etc that is not a hate crime.
I think thats speculation on your part.Victim not cooperating or being able to identify the robber is a more likely cause imo. Even in the case of your example thats not a hate crime
That’s the whole point: the under representation of black and Latino hate crime on whites because it gets written up as a robbery.
that is a crime already... what was never punished was when someone was targeted for a crime simply because of their race or sexual orientation....thus the creation of the hate crime...